Wow, that’s a really good question. In terms of hip implants the first metal and plastic implant (similar to what we have now) was introduced in the UK by John Charnley in the 1960s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charnley). Prosthetics were made by the Egyptians. There is an earlier example of ivory being used to replace the head of the femur, although I’m not sure how successful that was!
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