All sorts. Most of them are either derived from first principles (modelling the physical world) or based on standards (a lot of the time we follow the calculation methodology described in a relevant standard to find an answer). The calculations may be of structural nature (how strong should some thing be to do the job). Or thermodynamic: heat exchange, combustion, efficiencies, engine selection. Or fluid dynamic: losses of pressure in pipe systems, sizes of pipes and valves.
This covers 90% of the calculations that I have to do. If you want any more explanation on what each type is and an example, let me know I can explain it further.
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