Wow, this is a tough question… I think in terms of the very basics, designing insulation to keep the oil and gas warm was very important. The insulation is usually a layer of plastic, such as Polypropylene, that goes around the outside of a pipe.
If the pipe is long, then a lot of heat will be lost along its length to the surrounding seawater, which is cold (4°C is often assumed). If the pipe cools down too much, then waxy substances can form that can block the pipe!
So without insulation, a lot of long pipelines wouldn’t be feasible as they would have wax problems… So it’s pretty important!!
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